Revolution1642 CE – 1651 CEEurope

English Civil War

Armed conflict between Parliamentarians and Royalists over constitutional government versus royal prerogative.

Key Figures

Charles I Oliver Cromwell Thomas Fairfax

Preceding Causes

King Charles I's attempts to rule without Parliament, religious tensions between Anglicans and Puritans, and taxation disputes.

Revolution1517 CE

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses (1517) challenged Catholic Church authority over indulgences, sparking a religious upheaval that permanently divided Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches.

Historical Consequences

Execution of King Charles I, temporary republic under Oliver Cromwell, and constitutional limits on royal power.

Independence1765 CE

American Revolution

The thirteen British colonies in North America declared independence from Britain (1776) and fought the Revolutionary War, creating the United States of America.

Cause-Effect Graph

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