Treaty1648 CE – 1648 CEEurope

Peace of Westphalia

A series of peace treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, establishing the modern system of nation-states, state sovereignty, and non-interference in domestic affairs.

Key Figures
Ferdinand IIICardinal MazarinJan van Mattenesse

Preceding Causes

Three decades of devastating religious and political warfare in Europe that killed millions and devastated Germany.

War1618 CE

Thirty Years' War

A devastating religious and political conflict centered in the Holy Roman Empire that killed an estimated 4.5–8 million people, including 25–40% of the German-speaking population.

Cause-Effect Graph

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