Empirec. 3300 BCE – c. 1900 BCESouth Asia

Indus Valley Civilization

One of the world's earliest urban civilizations, flourishing along the Indus River with planned cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa featuring advanced sanitation, standardized weights, and a still-undeciphered script.

Key Figures

Unknown rulers

Historical Consequences

Established South Asia's first urban tradition; its decline (likely due to aridification and shifts in monsoon patterns and river systems) dispersed populations eastward, contributing to the cultural transitions that preceded the Vedic period.

Dynastyc. 1500 BCE

Vedic Age

The period of early Indo-Aryan culture in northern India, during which the Vedas were composed, the varna system crystallized, and the philosophical traditions that became Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism took shape.

Cause-Effect Graph

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